AI Middleware: The Glue Between LLMs and Business Systems
AI middleware connects LLMs to business systems with routing, security & caching. LEARN when you need it and which tools work best. Engineering guide.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between AI middleware and an API gateway?
An API gateway handles authentication, rate limiting, and routing for HTTP APIs. AI middleware does all of that plus LLM-specific concerns: model routing, prompt sanitization, token cost tracking, semantic caching, and response filtering. AI middleware is a superset of API gateway functionality, designed for the non-deterministic nature of LLM calls.
Do I need AI middleware or can I just call the LLM API directly?
For a single use case with one model, direct API calls are simpler and faster to iterate on. You need middleware when routing between multiple models, needing observability in production, complying with data privacy rules, or managing token costs across a team. See our [AI agent observability guide](/blog/ai-agent-observability/) for what production monitoring looks like.
What is an LLM gateway?
An LLM gateway is a request-level proxy that sits between your application and one or more LLM APIs. It handles routing, caching, authentication, rate limiting, and cost tracking for individual model calls. It is the most common form of AI middleware, and is often what practitioners mean when they use the two terms interchangeably.
What are the best open-source AI middleware tools?
LiteLLM is the most widely adopted open-source LLM gateway — a single proxy supporting 100+ models with a unified API. LangChain provides agent middleware hooks (before_model, after_model) for orchestration-level control. LlamaIndex is best for RAG-heavy pipelines that need structured data retrieval.
How does AI middleware handle data privacy and security?
Mature AI middleware implements PII scrubbing before prompts reach external APIs, prompt injection detection, RBAC for model access, and immutable audit logs for compliance. For a full security checklist, see our [AI agent security guide](/blog/ai-agent-security/).